(Towards) A Dependency Graph for Creating Fundamental Technologies

Extreme Caution! Mining sulfur is often accompanied by the release of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) in gas form, which is toxic, and the release of Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), which is so toxic, very short exposure could cause death. See: BBC Documentary.

1. Sulfur (S) deposits are found naturally in areas

around hot springs and in volcanic regions. It is also widely found in nature as iron pyrites (iron sulfide), galena (lead sulfide), gypsum (calcium sulfate), Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate) and many other minerals.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RN34_oQZN8A

Bauxite's Composition is gibbsite Al(OH)3, boehmite γ-AlO(OH) and diaspore α-AlO(OH), mixed with the two iron oxides goethite and haematite, the clay mineral kaolinite and small amounts of anatase TiO2. Locating Bauxite Can be found in Arkansas

Aluminium Extraction Holyhead Wales, UK How it's made - it comes from bauxite (in tropical countries) aluminium bonded to oxygen. Bonds broken by electrolosis.

http://www.explainthatstuff.com/ironsteel.html http://quatr.us/chemistry/atoms/iron.htm Re: Medieval Iron Production

1. Locating Iron Ore

(Africa) . There are 3 main types: 40-70% Iron (Fe) (difficult to find, best quality), 40-65% Iron (Fe) Brown Hematite, aka 40-60% Iron (Fe) (easy to find).

The History and Production of Copper.

1. Acquire Malachite (Cu2CO3(OH)2)

(Copper carbonate hydroxide) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OrBw4L490Y Location: Jordan

1. Locating Copper Ore: The largest copper mine is found in Utah (Bingham Canyon). Other major mines are found in Arizona, Michigan, New Mexico and Montana. In South America, Chile, the world's largest producer, and Peru are both major producers of copper. It can also be aquired from Malachite.
2. Mine Copper Ore

Many fibrous plants are candidates for making cordage, including:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanization http://www.rubbercal.com/industrial-rubber/Articles-2/how-to-vulcanize-rubber.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liriodendron_tulipifera https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQlXXeHs3wY

1. Dampen the Bark or Leaf with Water.
2. Create a Cord using Reverse wrap method.
3. Combine 2 Cords using Reverse wrap method.
4. Tie off the lose end of the completed Cord.

1. Shape an lithic stone flake #Q332028 (axe head) using other rocks as hammerstones
2. Grind Stone against a wet rock
3. Find suitable stick for handle
4. Create Cordage for securing the Stone to the handle
5. Follow Stone Adze or Stone Tool Axe

1. Harvest Polyisoprene (C5H8)

Polyisoprene (C5H8) using Formic Acid (CH2O2)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sp8b1nQSY It is native to Europe and Anatolia but is also found in North America in both coniferous and broad-leaf broken woodland and parkland. See: southern Britain, North to Mid Europe, Pyrenees and Siberia.

sources: http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/8645/0 Robinson, William H. (2005). Urban Insects and Arachnids: A Handbook of Urban Entomology. Cambridge University Press. p. 247. ISBN 0521812534. http://antark.net/ant-species/wood-ant-formica-rufa/

Formic acid was first extracted in 1671 by the English naturalist John Ray by distilling a large number of crushed ants of this species (Charles Earle Raven (1986). John Ray, naturalist : his life and works. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31083-0.) The process is described here.

Alternately, you can get a some sort of absorbant material and aggitate the ants, forcing them to spit the formic acid on the material and then later extract the solution from the material by applying pressure / squeezing.

A Furnace / Foundry / Smelting pit is necessarily for extracting many elements from their ores.

1. Break down / Grind material as finely as possible
2. Fire up the furnace
3. Melt the material (refer to the melting point of your material for the time / temperature)
4. Remove material while still red-hot (to shape) or as an ingot, once cooled

• Identifying Metamorphic Rock
  

1. Locate a candidate Branch or Tree
2. Inspect wood for rot
3. Build a Stone Tool
4. Chop downc Tree using Stone Tool.
5. Harvesting Bark (optional)

1. Obtain a ~1.5ft bow shaped stick
2. Obtain flat piece of dry Softwood tree-branch ~2"x4"x6"
3. Make ~1ft of Cordage
4. Follow Bowdrill Specification

1. Make a Bowdrill
2. Collect dry kindling (e.g. cedar bark)
3. Collect small sticks and logs
4. Prepare a Fire pit using the logs and small sticks
5. Apply Bowdrill to produce an ember
6. Carefully transfer the ember into the kindling
7. Blow gently until kindling set aflame
8. Place flaming kindling in Fire pit and feed fire using small sticks

Or any of several cereal plants (e.g. barley, oats, rice, rye and wheat) Because barley is such a highly adapted cereal grain it can be grown in climates that range from sub-Arctic to subtropical. The European Union-27 is the largest barley producer followed by Russia and Ukraine. The U.S. is recognized as the world's seventh largest barley producer. (http://www.barleyfoods.org/facts.html)

http://www.primitiveways.com/cordage.html (using straw as cordage) Straw is the by-product, the dry stalks grain and chaff have been removed. Straw is different from Hay – here is http://knowledgenuts.com/2013/12/11/the-difference-between-straw-and-hay/][how the two relate]] and http://www.usaforage.org/products/straw-vs-hay][proof of the difference in classification]]. Separate Stalk from Barley

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uHc4Hirexc

1. Locate a safe area for a firepit
2. Create Adobe Bricks
3. Create a Bellow
4. Create a Fire

Foundry (furnace)

• Instructions
  
  1. Build Q987767 of Q753
  2. Build a [[Container of Wood (Q287)]
  3. 2 Iron (Fe) spoke "Q677"
  4. Electroplating / Galvenizing of Iron (Fe) using Zinc (Zn) to prevent Oxidation, aka rust (optional)
  5. Copper "Q753" Spacers
  6. Inductor: wrap Copper (Cu) Insulated Wire around chasis (~300 coils)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdN65bzwDd4

1. 4 x Wood Puzzle Piece

1. Cut down tree
2. Stone Tool
3. Follow "Wood Puzzle Piece"

Joseph Henry on "Method of Making Magnets" William Gilbert and ‘Magnetization by Percussion’ Deprecated by Electromagnetism.

The obective is to produce a slab or billet shaped Iron (Fe) Ferromagnet (hard ferrites).

Barium ferrite, BaFe12O19 (BaO·6Fe2O3)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=midVu1Xd2LY Backup Ground Battery Earth Battery Powers LED http://www.explainthatstuff.com/magnetism.html

• Instructions
  
  1. Calculate the desired magnet strength in Tesla units (a refrigerator magnet is ~5mT)
  2. A Steel () rod
  3. An Inductor consisting of Copper (Cu) Insulated Wire coiled around the Steel () core Ferrite Core.
  4. A Battery capable of 12V, 200A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCCK132OIGA

Inductor basics - What is an inductor? A passive analog component which temporarily generates a magnetic field (e.g. electromagnets) from electrical energy. Depending on the Core material (e.g. if it is steel) it may be turned into a permenant magnet. Otherwise, while there is current through the inductor, the Core will behave as an temporary electromagnet.

1. Create Copper (Cu) Insulated Wire whose length and thickness is determined by Calculating inductance of solenoid.
2. Coil Insulated Wire around a Slab shaped Steel () Core according to Calculating inductance of solenoid.

In production, "electrical wires [are] insulated with polyethylene, crosslinked polyethylene (either through electron beam processing or chemical crosslinking), PVC, Kapton, rubber-like polymers, oil impregnated paper, Teflon, silicone, or modified ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE). Larger power cables may use compressed inorganic powder, depending on the application".

This process can be substituted with thermoplastics or rubber. This may include polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinylchloride (PVC), Polyvinylidene Chloride (PVDC), polystyrene, polyethylenetheraphthalate and polycarbonate. Note: chloride degrades from electricity, not a great candidate for wire insulation. These options are complex to make, invovle carcinogen, and require catalysts. If you did have some something like polyvinyl chloride (saran wrap) you could follow this tutorial. Otherwise, the best approach, in the wild, is using natural rubber:

• Steps
  
  1. Produce a Wire from the desired material.
  2. Between Natural Rubber steps 2 and 3, Coat wire with partially coagulated Polyisoprene (C5H8)
  3. Tin the leads (ends) of the Insulated Wire using Rubber-sandpaper

1. Mine ore of desired Metal

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q451eExJlfw Homemade Bricks Commerical Production

Making Clay Brick in Africa

1. Follow Homemade Bricks to locate 7 parts sand Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
2. Follow Homemade Bricks to locate 1 part Clay.
3. Add 2 parts Water Hydrogen Dioxide (H2O)
4. Add Straw as a binding substitute in place of cement.

How to galvanize metal (for rust protection)

• TODO Thermite (Explosive)
  Explosives were considered as a mechanism for mining. This recipe is fairly unfeasible given it requires electrolysis of bauxite
  1. 22.5g of Silicon Dioxide (9 parts)
  2. 25g of Aluminium (Al) powder, 425 mesh (~.025mm - .03mm) (10 parts)
  3. 30g of Sulfur (S) "Q682" powder (12 parts
• Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
  At standard atmosphere, it is a toxic gas with a pungent, irritating, and rotten smell. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide
• Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
  Toxic, very short exposure could cause death. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide
• TODO Steel
  Reduce Iron Oxide Mix with carbon rich coal (coke) and limestone
  • Industrial Production
    Industrially, magnets are composed of a smelted blend of the following elements: Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Sulfur (S) "Q682", Iron (Fe), aluminium (Al), titanium (Ti)
  • Resources
    The strongest magnet in the world Creating a magnet via electromagnets (pmh, vee)
• TODO Zinc
  Zinc is useful for galvenizing or electroplating iron, a process by which iron or other metals may be treated to prevent rusting.
  1. Locating Zinc Ore.